广州市人民政府关于取消调整保留行政审批备案事项的决定

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人民银行


上海外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构管理办法(附英文)
人民银行


一九九0年九月七日国务院批准
第一章 总则
第一条 为了适应上海市对外开放和经济发展的需要，加强和完善外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的管理，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构是指依照本办法和中华人民共和国其他法律、法规的规定，经批准设立、登记注册和营业的下列机构：
（一）总行设在上海市的外国资本的银行（以下简称外资银行）；
（二）外国资本的银行在上海市设立的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）；
（三）外国资本的金融机构同中国资本的金融机构在上海市合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）；
（四）外国资本的金融机构同中国资本的金融机构在上海市合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）。
第三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法规，其正当业务活动和合法权益受中华人民共和国法律保护。
第四条 中国人民银行是审批、管理和监督外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的主管机关；中国人民银行授权上海市分行对外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构进行日常管理和监督。

第二章 设立与登记
第五条 申请设立外资银行应当具备下列条件：
（一）投资者为金融机构；
（二）在中国境内已经设立代表机构三年以上；
（三）申请设立外资银行前一年年末资产总额在一百亿美元以上。
第六条 申请设立外资银行分行应当具备下列条件：
（一）在中国境内已经设立代表机构三年以上；
（二）申请设立外资银行分行前一年年末资产总额在二百亿美元以上；
（三）其所在国或者地区有完善的金融监管制度。
第七条 申请设立合资银行、合资财务公司应当具备下列条件：
（一）合资各方均为金融机构；
（二）外方投资者在中国境内设有代表机构。
第八条 设立外资银行，应当由投资者向中国人民银行提出申请，并提交下列证件、资料：
（一）设立外资银行的申请书，其内容包括：拟设银行的名称，注册资本和实收资本额，申请经营的业务种类等；
（二）可行性研究报告；
（三）最近三年的资产、负债状况的报告及有关证明文件；
（四）拟设银行的章程草案；
（五）所在国或者地区有关主管当局核发给投资者的营业执照（副本）；
（六）中国人民银行要求提交的其他证件、资料。
第九条 设立外资银行分行，应当由其总行向中国人民银行提出申请，并提交下列证件、资料：
（一）由董事长或者总经理签署的申请书，其内容包括：拟设分行的名称，总行拨给的营运资金数额，申请经营的业务种类等；
（二）最近三年的年报；
（三）所在国或者地区有关主管当局核发给申请设立分行的银行的营业执照（副本）；
（四）中国人民银行要求提交的其他证件、资料。
第十条 设立合资银行或者合资财务公司，应当由合资各方共同向中国人民银行提出申请，并提交下列证件、资料：
（一）设立合资机构的申请书，其内容包括：拟设合资机构的名称，合资各方名称，注册资本和实收资本额，合资各方出资比例，申请经营的业务种类等；
（二）合资各方共同编制的可行性研究报告；
（三）由合资各方授权代表草签的合资经营协议、合同以及拟设机构的章程草案；
（四）合资各方最近三年的资产、负债状况的报告及有关证明文件；
（五）所在国或者地区有关主管当局核发给合资各方的营业执照（副本）；
（六）中国人民银行要求提交的其他证件、资料。
第十一条 本办法第八、九、十条中所列证件、资料，除年报外，凡用外文书写的，均须附具中文译本。
第十二条 设立申请经中国人民银行审查同意后，发给申请者正式申请表。
正式申请表填写后，向中国人民银行提出正式申请，申请文件包括：
（一）由申请者法定代表或者授权代表签字的正式申请表（一式三份）；
（二）拟设机构主要负责人名单和简历；
（三）对拟任该机构主要负责人的授权书；
（四）设立外资银行分行的，其总行对该分行承担税务、债务的责任担保书；
（五）其他资料。
第十三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当在接到中国人民银行批准证书后三十天内，依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规规定，向工商行政管理机关办理登记注册，领取营业执照，并应当依法自开业之日起三十天内向税务机关办理税务登记。
第十四条 已经批准的外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当在领取营业执照后，向国家外汇管理局申领《经营外汇业务许可证》。
第十五条 已经批准的外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构自接到中国人民银行批准证书之日起十二个月内未营业者，原批准文件自动失效。
第十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构有下列情况之一的，须经中国人民银行核准：
（一）投资股本的调整、转让；
（二）变更营业场所；
（三）更换董事长（副董事长）、行长（副行长）、总经理（副总经理）、分行长（副分行长）；
（四）在境外设立分支机构。

第三章 注册资本和营运资金
第十七条 外资银行、合资银行的最低注册资本为三千万美元等值的自由兑换货币，合资财务公司的最低注册资本为二千万美元等值的自由兑换货币；其实收资本均不得低于其注册资本的50％。
外资银行分行应当由其总行专门拨给不少于一千万美元等值的自由兑换货币的营运资金。
第十八条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当在接到中国人民银行批准证书之后三十天内，筹足其实收资本或者营运资金，由中国注册会计师验证并出具证明。
第十九条 外资银行、合资银行、合资财务公司须每年从其税后净利润中提取25％的资金补充资本金，直至其实收资本加储备金的总额达到其注册资本的二倍。
外资银行分行须每年将税后净利润的25％保留在中国境内，用以补充营运资金，直至该保留盈利等于该行营运资金。

第四章 业务范围
第二十条 根据申请，中国人民银行批准外资银行、合资银行、外资银行分行经营下列业务的部分或者全部：
（一）外币存款；
（二）外币放款；
（三）外币票据贴现；
（四）外币投资；
（五）外币汇款；
（六）外汇担保；
（七）进出口结算；
（八）自营或者代客买卖外汇；
（九）外币有价证券买卖；
（十）代理外币及外币票据兑换；
（十一）代理外币信用卡付款；
（十二）保管及保管箱；
（十三）资信调查和咨询；
（十四）经批准的其他业务。
第二十一条 根据申请，中国人民银行批准合资财务公司经营下列业务的部分或者全部：
（一）外币放款；
（二）外币票据贴现；
（三）外币投资；
（四）外汇担保；
（五）外币有价证券买卖；
（六）资信调查和咨询；
（七）外币信托；
（八）每笔不少于十万美元、期限为三个月以上的外币存款；
（九）经批准的其他业务。
第二十二条 本章所称外币存款是指以外币表示的下列存款：
（一）境内外同业存款；
（二）境外的非同业存款；
（三）中国境内的外国人的存款；
（四）华侨和香港、澳门、台湾同胞的存款；
（五）外商投资企业存款；
（六）外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构对非外商投资企业贷款的转存款；
（七）经批准的其他存款。
第二十三条 外资银行、合资银行、外资银行分行在办理进出口结算业务时，服务对象为境内外商投资企业和有进出口经营权的非外商投资企业。但办理非外商投资企业的进口结算业务的，该项进口所需资金应当来自本银行的贷款。

第五章 业务管理
第二十四条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构经营存款业务，应当向中国人民银行上海市分行缴存存款准备金，其比率由中国人民银行制定，并根据需要进行调整。存款准备金不计利息。
第二十五条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构对一个企业及其关联企业的放款，不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的30％，但经中国人民银行特许的除外。
第二十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的投资总额不得超过其实收资本加储备金额的30％，但经中国人民银行批准投资于金融企业的除外。
第二十七条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的总资产不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的二十倍。
第二十八条 外资银行分行的营运资金的30％应当以中国人民银行指定的生息资产形式存在，包括在中国人民银行指定的银行存款等。
第二十九条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的房地产不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的25％，其他固定资产不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的15％。
第三十条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当确保其资产的流动性。
第三十一条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构从中国境内吸收的存款不得超过该机构在中国境内的总资产的40％。
第三十二条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当按规定保留适当的呆帐准备金。
第三十三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的外币存、放款利率及各种手续费率，通过同业公会协商确定或者参照国际市场行情制定，报中国人民银行上海市分行核准。
第三十四条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构依法纳税后的利润，应当按照规定提取储备基金、职工奖励基金、福利基金和企业发展基金。
第三十五条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当至少聘用一名中国公民为高层管理人员。
外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的高层管理人员不得兼任其他经济组织的重要职务。
第三十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当固定聘用中国注册会计师，并经中国人民银行上海市分行认可。

第六章 监督检查
第三十七条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当建立完善的内部稽核制度，增强自我约束的能力。
第三十八条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构须按规定向中国人民银行报送财务和业务报表。
第三十九条 中国人民银行及其上海市分行有权检查、稽核外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的业务和财务状况。

第七章 解散与清算
第四十条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构自行终止业务活动，须在终止前三十天以书面形式向中国人民银行提出申请，经中国人民银行批准后予以解散并进行清算。
第四十一条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构无力偿付其债务的，中国人民银行可令其停业，限期清理。在清理期限内，已恢复偿付能力的机构，需要复业的，须向中国人民银行提出申请。
第四十二条 自行终止业务活动和依法被停业的外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构，其解散和清算事项，须按照中华人民共和国有关规定办理。
第四十三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构进行清理，须在依法缴清税款和清偿全部债务后，方可退还股本、分配股利。
第四十四条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构清算完毕，应当在规定期限内向原登记机关办理注销登记。

第八章 罚则
第四十五条 违反本办法第二章规定，擅自设立外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的，中国人民银行有权责令其停业，没收其非法所得，处以五万元以上、十万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法第四章规定，超越批准业务范围从事经营的，中国人民银行及其上海市分行有权责令其停止所超越部分的经营活动，依法没收其超越部分的非法所得，处以一万元以上、五万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十七条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法第五章规定，中国人民银行及其上海市分行有权责令其纠正、调整或者补足，并根据情节处以五千元以上、三万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十八条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法第六章规定，未按期报送报表或者抗拒监督检查的，中国人民银行及其上海市分行可视其情节给予警告、通报或者处以三千元以上、一万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十九条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法，情节严重的，中国人民银行可责令其停业直至撤销机构。
外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反其他法律、法规的，由有关主管机关依法予以处罚。

第九章 附则
第五十条 本办法对华侨资本和香港、澳门、台湾地区资本的金融机构，比照适用。
第五十一条 本办法发布施行前，已在上海市的外资银行分行，应当依照本办法的规定补办设立和登记手续；不符合本办法有关规定的，由中国人民银行上海市分行指定期限令其调整。
第五十二条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。中国人民银行可以根据本办法制定具体规定。
第五十三条 本办法自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

MEASURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN-CAPITAL FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTHE SHANGHAI MUNICIPALITY

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

MEASURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN-CAPITAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN
THE SHANGHAI MUNICIPALITY
(Approved by the State Council on September 7, 1990 and promul-
gated by Decree No. 2 of the People's Bank of China on September 8, 1990)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These Measures are formulated for the purpose of meeting the needs of
opening to the outside world and the economic development of the Shanghai
Municipality, strengthening and perfecting the administration of foreign-
capital financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institutions.
Article 2
The term "foreign-capital financial institutions and Chinese-foreign
equity joint financial institutions", referred to in these Measures,
denotes the following institutions which are established with approval and
registered to engage in business operations in accordance with these
Measures and with the pertinent provisions of other laws and regulations
of the People's Republic of China:
1) foreign-capital banks with their head offices established in the
Shanghai Municipality (hereinafter referred to as "foreign bank");
2) branches of foreign banks established in the Shanghai Municipality
(hereinafter referred to as "foreign branch bank");
3) banks established in the Shanghai Municipality with joint capital and
operation by foreign financial institutions and Chinese financial
institutions (hereinafter referred to as "joint bank"); and
4) financial companies established in the Shanghai Municipality with joint
capital and operation by foreign financial institutions and Chinese
financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as "joint financial
company").
Article 3
Foreign-capital financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institutions shall abide by the laws and regulations of the
People's Republic of China and their legitimate business activities and
lawful rights and interests shall be protected by Chinese laws.
Article 4
The People's Bank of China is the competent authority in charge of
examining and approving, administering, and supervising foreign-capital
financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institutions. The People's Bank of China authorizes its Shanghai Branch to
exercise day-to-day administration and supervision of foreign-capital
financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institutions.

Chapter II Establishment and Registration

Article 5
Any party applying for the approval to set up a foreign bank shall satisfy
the following requirements:
1) the investor is a financial institution;
2) the applicant has a representative office of more than three years'
standing inside China; and
3) the applicant possesses total assets of more than US$ 10 billion at the
end of the year prior to the submission of such an application.
Article 6
Any party applying for the approval to set up a foreign branch bank shall
satisfy the following requirements:
1) the applicant has a representative office of more than three years'
standing inside China;
2) the applicant possesses total assets of more than US$ 20 billion at the
end of the year prior to the submission of such an application; and
3) in the home country or region of the applicant, there is a sound system
for financial administration and supervision.
Article 7
Parties applying for the approval to set up a joint bank or a joint
financial company shall satisfy the following requirements:
1) each investing party to a joint bank or joint financial company is a
financial institution; and
2) the foreign investor has a representative office inside China.
Article 8
For a foreign bank to be set up, the foreign investor shall apply to the
People's Bank of China and submit the following documents and data:
1) an application for the establishment thereof, which shall include the
name of the intended bank, the registered capital and the amount of the
paid-in capital, and the types of business operations the bank intends to
engage in;
2) a feasibility study report;
3) the statements of assets and liabilities of the investor during the
three successive years prior to the submission of such an application,
together with the relevant certifying documents;
4) the draft articles of association of the intended bank;
5) a copy of the business licence of the investor approved and issued by
the competent authority concerned in the home country or region of the
investor; and
6) other documents and data as required by the People's Bank of China.

Article 9
For a foreign branch bank to be set up, the head office of the foreign
bank concerned shall apply to the People's Bank of China and submit the
following documents and data: 1) an application duly signed by the
chairman of the board of directors or the general manager of the bank,
which shall include the name of the intended branch bank, the amount of
operating funds approved and allocated by the head office, and the types
of business operations the branch bank intends to engage in;
2) annual reports for the three successive years prior to the submission
of such an application;
3) a copy of the business licence of the applying bank approved and issued
by the competent authorities of the home country or region of the applying
bank; and 4) other documents and data as required by the People's Bank of
China.
Article 10
For a joint bank or a joint financial company to be set up, all the
parties thereto shall jointly apply to the People's Bank of China and
submit the following documents and data:
1) an application for the establishment thereof, which shall include the
name of the intended joint financial institution, the name of each
investing party thereto, the registered capital and the amount of the
paid-in capital, the respective percentage of contributions by the
parties, and the types of business operations the joint financial
institution intends to engage in;
2) a feasibility study report jointly prepared by the parties thereto;
3) the agreement, the contract and the draft articles of association of
the joint financial institution initialled by the authorized
representative of each of the parties thereto;
4) the statements of assets and liabilities of each of the parties thereto
during the three successive years prior to the submission of such an
application, together with relevant supporting documents;
5) copies of the respective business licences of all the parties thereto
approved and issued by the competent authorities concerned of the home
country or region of each of the parties; and
6) other documents and data as required by the People's Bank of China.

Article 11
Any of the documents and data prescribed in Articles 8, 9 and 10 of these
Measures, with the exception of the annual reports, if written in a
foreign language, shall be submitted together with a Chinese translation
thereof.
Article 12
After the application for the approval of such establishment has been
examined and approved by the People's Bank of China, an official
application form shall be issued to the applicant(s).
The applicant(s) shall, after filling in the official application form,
formally apply to the People's Bank of China and shall submit the
following documents for the application:
1) the official application form duly signed by the legal
representative(s) of the applicant(s) or the representative(s) authorized
by the applicant(s) (which shall be submitted in triplicate);
2) a list of the principal persons in charge of the institution to be set
up and their respective curriculum vitae;
3) power(s) of attorney for the principal persons in charge of the
institution; 4) where a foreign branch bank is to be set up, letters of
undertaking issued by the head office assuming for its branch office the
obligations for tax payment and debt repayment; and
5) other relevant data.

Article 13
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall, within 30 days of receipt of the certificate
of approval issued by the People's Bank of China, undertake the procedures
of registration for the issuance of business licence with the
administrative department for industry and commerce in accordance with the
pertinent laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China and
shall, within 30 days of commencement of business operations, undertake
the procedures for tax registration with the tax authorities in accordance
with the law.
Article 14
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution whose establishment has been approved shall, after
obtaining the business licence, apply to the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange Control for the approval and issuance of a Licence for
Business Operations in Foreign Exchange.
Article 15
In the event that a foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-
foreign equity joint financial institution should fail to commence its
business operations within 12 months of receipt of the certificate of
approval issued by the People's Bank of China, the certificate of approval
shall automatically become null and void.
Article 16
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall apply to the People's Bank of China for
verification and approval in respect of any one of the following items:
1) adjustment and transfer of the investment capital stock;
2) change of the business site;
3) change of the chairman (or the vice-chairman) of the board of
directors, or the president (or the vice-president), the general manager
(or the deputy general manager), or the president (or vice-president) of a
branch office; and
4) establishment of a branch office outside China.

Chapter III Registered Capital and Operating Funds

Article 17
The minimum amount of the registered capital of a foreign bank or a joint
bank shall be freely convertible currencies equivalent to US$ 30 million.
The minimum amount of the registered capital of a joint financial company
shall be freely convertible currencies equivalent to US$ 20 million. Their
respective paid-in capital shall be no less than 50 percent of their
respective registered capital.
A foreign branch bank shall be allocated as its operating funds by its
head office a sum of freely convertible currencies equivalent to not less
than US$ 10 million.
Article 18
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall, within 30 days of receipt of the certificate
of approval issued by the People's Bank of China, raise in full the paid-
in capital operating funds, which shall be verified by a Chinese
registered accountant, who shall, upon verification, issue a certificate
to that effect.
Article 19
Each year, a foreign bank, a joint bank, or a joint financial company
shall allocate 25 percent of its after-tax net profit as supplementary
capital until the total amount of the paid-in capital and reserve funds is
twice that of the registered capital. Each year, a foreign branch bank
shall keep 25 percent of its after-tax net profit inside China to
supplement its operating funds until the kept profit is equal to its
operating funds.

Chapter IV Business Scope

Article 20
The People's Bank of China shall, based on the application submitted to
it, grant permission to a foreign bank, a joint bank, or a foreign branch
bank to engage in part or all of the following business operations:
1) deposits in foreign currencies;
2) loans in foreign currencies;
3) discounts of negotiable instruments in foreign currencies;
4) investments in foreign currencies;
5) remittances in foreign currencies;
6) guarantees of foreign exchange;
7) import and export settlement;
8) buying and selling of foreign exchange on its own account or on
customers' account; 9) buying and selling of securities in foreign
currencies;
10) acting as an agent for the exchange of foreign currencies and for the
cashing of negotiable instruments in foreign currencies;
11) acting as an agent for payments against credit cards in foreign
currencies; 12) custody and safe deposit box services;
13) credit and financial standing investigation and consultancy services;
and 14) other services approved.
Article 21
The People's Bank of China shall, based on the application submitted to
it, grant permission to a joint financial company to engage in part or all
of the following business operations:
1) loans in foreign currencies;
2) discounts of negotiable instruments in foreign currencies;
3) investments in foreign currencies;
4) guarantees of foreign exchange;
5) buying and selling of securities in foreign currencies;
6) credit and financial standing investigations and consultancy services;
7) trust in foreign currencies;
8) deposits in foreign currencies with each deposit amounting to not less
than US$ 100,000 for period of no less than three months; and
9) other services approved.
Article 22
The terms "deposits in foreign currencies" referred to in this Chapter
denotes the following deposits denominated in foreign currencies:
1) interbank deposits inside and outside China;
2) non-interbank deposits outside China;
3) deposits by foreigners inside China;
4) deposits by overseas Chinese and by compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao
and Taiwan; 5) deposits by enterprises with foreign investment;
6) deposits of loans granted by foreign-capital financial institutions or
Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institutions to enterprises other
than those with foreign investment; and
7) other kinds of deposits approved.

Article 23
In handling import and export settlement, foreign banks, joint banks or
foreign branch banks shall offer services only to enterprises with foreign
investment and those enterprises other than those with foreign investment
which are authorized to engage in import and export operations. But with
respect to import settlement with enterprises other than those with
foreign investment, the funds needed for the import in question shall have
come from the loans of the bank which is handling the settlement.

Chapter V Management of Business

Article 24
A foreign-capital institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institution which engages in deposit business operations shall place
deposit reserves with the Shanghai Branch of the People's Bank of China.
The ratios of the reserves as against various deposits shall be determined
by the People's Bank of China and shall be adjusted in accordance with the
actual needs. Such deposit reserves shall be interest-free.
Article 25
The total amount of loans which a foreign-capital financial institution or
a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution grants to any one
enterprise and its associated enterprises may not exceed 30 percent of the
sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves, with the
exception of loans specially approved by the People's Bank of China.
Article 26
The total amount of investments by a foreign-capital financial institution
or by a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution may not exceed
30 percent of the sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves,
with the exception of investments in financial enterprises approved by the
People's Bank of China.
Article 27
The total assets of a foreign-capital financial institution or of a
Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution may not exceed 20 times
the sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves.
Article 28
30 percent of the operating funds of a foreign branch bank shall be put by
in the form of interest-bearing assets as prescribed by the People's Bank
of China, which shall include depositing the said funds in a bank or banks
designated by the People's Republic of China.
Article 29
Real estate owned by a foreign-capital financial institution or by a
Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution may not exceed 25
percent of the sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves;
its other assets may not exceed 15 percent thereof.
Article 30
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall ensure the mobility of its assets.
Article 31
The total amount of deposits by sources inside China in a foreign-capital
financial institution or in a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institution may not exceed 40 percent of its total assets inside China.

Article 32
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall maintain proper reserves for bad debts in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 33
The interest rates of deposits and loans of a foreign-capital financial
institution or of a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution and
the various service charges shall be determined by the Bankers'
Association through consultation or be fixed in the light of the
international market and shall be submitted to the Shanghai Branch of the
People's Bank of China for approval.
Article 34
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions,
draw the reserve fund, the staff bonus fund, the welfare fund and the
enterprise development fund from the profit after tax paid in accordance
with the law.
Article 35
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall engage at least one Chinese citizen as member
of its senior managerial body. The senior managerial personnel of a
foreign-capital financial institution or of a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution may not concurrently hold important positions in any
other economic organizations.
Article 36
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint

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自认对法院的拘束力

作者：彭箭 江西省吉水县人民法院

一：自认对法院拘束效力的矛盾。

《最高人民法院关于民事证据的若干规定》第八条规定，诉讼过程中，一方当事人对另一方当事人陈述的案件事实明确表示承认的，另一方当事人无需举证。但涉及身份关系的案件除外。可以说，《最高人民法院关于民事证据的若干规定》确立了我国的自认制度。
自认制度是当事人主义诉讼模式的必然要求和自然产物。自认对法院的约束力源于辩论主义，根据自认制度，一方当事人自认对方主张的事实后，便对法院发生约束力，法院不得对自认的事实判断认定其真假，并将其作为判案的事实依据。由于法院对自认的事实不再实施证据调查，一般而言，其事实的真伪性也往往难以知晓。但有时该自认的事实明显与众所周知的事实或案件客观事实矛盾时，对该事实的自认是否还对法院具有拘束力呢？
《最高人民法院关于民事证据的若干规定》一方面确立了自认制度，同时第九条又规定了：下列事实，当事人无需举证证明：
　　（一）众所周知的事实；
　　（二）自然规律及定理；
　　（三）根据法律规定或者已知事实和日常生活经验法则?能推定出的另一事实；
　　（四）已为人民法院发生法律效力的裁判所确认的事实；
　　（五）已为仲裁机构的生效裁决所确认的事实；
　　（六）已为有效公证文书所证明的事实。
　　前款（一）、（三）、（四）、（五）、（六）项，当事人有相反证据足以推翻的除外。自认事实除与上述事实相矛盾外，也可能与案件客观事实相矛盾，而我国法律又保留了法院依职权探知案件事实的权力，对此相互矛盾的事实，法院将以哪个事实作为判决的基础，我国法律没有明确规定法律适用原则。

二：当事人主义与职权主义诉讼模式对自认效力的分歧。

自认制度是当事人主义诉讼模式的必然要求和自然产物，自认的法律效果在于，法院在作出判决时必须受到当事人自认事实的约束，法院在适用法律时，应以当事人自认事实为基础。如果当事人自认的事实为乙，法院不能以甲作为判决的依据。法院没有以当事人自认的事实为判决基础时，该判决即违反辩论主义。自认制度的设计实际上排除了法院对自认事实的认定权。既然排除了法院的对事实的认定权，也就必须容忍自认事实的非真实性。起码法院因受自认事实的约束，不能再动用职权，调查该事实的真伪。即使以法官的自由心证得出该事实可能有伪时，法院也不得否定该自认的事实。
自认对法院的约束力并非来源于该事实的真实性，即不因为双方对该事实的认可或认识的一致性而具有一般真实或盖然真实性。而是源于民事诉讼法中辩论主义这一基本原则。根据辩论主义的基本原理，当事人所主张的事实对法院有约束力，法院不得以当事人没有主张的主要事实作为裁判的依据。一方当事人对对方当事人主张的主要事实的承认，就使该当事人主张的事实已经成立，法院当然应当受到该事实的约束。因此，大陆法系国家民事诉讼法中的辩论主义是自认制度的基石。

相反如果实行职权主义的诉讼模式，由于法院对作为裁判依据的所有事实，包括主要事实实行职权探知，所以，自认制度便不能成立，自认的事实无法约束法院。有的人认为，即使法院拥有对事实的职权探知权，也并不排斥当事人的自认。例如，在我国，就允许当事人对案件事实的承认。这里应当注意的是，法院对一方当事人对对方当事人主张事实的承认的认可，并不意味着法院受到该事实的约束，即法院可以在当事人自认的场合推翻自认的事实，而以职权调查的事实作为裁判的依据，也可以以自己的判断（实际上的心证）来否定当事人自认的事实。所谓职权探知的本质意义就在于法院对于该事实真实性有调查认定的权力。而自认制度就是要排斥法院对当事人自认事实的认定权，在裁判时只能以该自认的事实为依据，而别无选择。

三：我国采取超职权主义模式对待自认对法院的拘束力，

我国民事诉讼法由于并未完全确立有约束力的辩论原则，允许法院在自己需要的场合以职权收集证据，就使自认制度目前在我国无基本制度或基本原则的法律基础。
在证据的收集上，法官依职权主动收集证据经历了从全面收集证据到收集与案件审理需要的证据，进而证据规则又对法院收集证据的范围进行了进一步的限制，随着审判方式改革的逐步深化，法官主导地位有所削弱，职权弱化，强调了对当事人诉讼权利的保护。但这种变化也只是量上的变化，并没有从根本上改变我国超职权主义民事诉讼模式的特点。法律在为法院收集证据保留权力的同时，也就给予了法院的自由裁量权，其收集证据的范围就很可能成为法院裁量的范围而具有随意性。 在职权探知的民事诉讼体制下，法院对真实事实的追求实际上被自然化，具有某种图腾的意义。且这种观念具有一定的理性基础，而且是一种长期的传统观念，要转变这种观念是比较困难的。因此，规范的自认制度在这种观念环境中显然不能存活。在这种诉讼体制下的自认对法院的拘束力必然要受到限制的。为此，在适应私权原则的基础上，根据我国的诉讼模式与诉讼理念，对某些事实的自认，法律还要依靠其强制力限制自认的适用，以维护正义，维护国家利益，维护社会伦理。其限制主要有：
　　（1）司法认知的事实不适用自认。
　　《最高人民法院关于民事证据的若干规定》第九条规定："下列事实，当事人无需举证证明：
　　（一）众所周知的事实；
　　（二）自然规律及定理；
　　（三）根据法律规定或者已知事实和日常生活经验法则?能推定出的另一事实；
　　（四）已为人民法院发生法律效力的裁判所确认的事实；
　　（五）已为仲裁机构的生效裁决所确认的事实；
　　（六）已为有效公证文书所证明的事实。
　　前款（一）、（三）、（四）、（五）、（六）项，当事人有相反证据足以推翻的除外。"
　　对于第九条中所列事实，除发生第二款之情形外，即使一方当事人自认以致双方当事人主张趋于一致也不得产生约束法院的效力，即司法认知的显著事实不适用于自认。
　　（2）法院依职权取证范围内的事实不适用自认。
在《最高人民法院关于民事证据的若干规定》出台前，法院依据民事诉讼法第六十四条之规定，完全可以不考虑当事人的承认而自行调查取证，《最高人民法院关于民事证据的若干规定》第十五条、十六条对法院自行取证作了限定，这样一来，虽然法院自行调查的范围缩小，但对第十五条中规定的法院可依职权取证的事实，也不能适用于自认。
　　（3）涉及身份关系的婚姻家庭案件中的事实的自认，因为这类案件关系社会基本伦理价值和基本人权的保护，所以排除自认的适用。

四：规范自认制度的自认对法院应有绝对的拘束力

任何有利于提高诉讼效率和经济性的措施和制度对法院和当事人都具有难以抗拒的诱惑力。而自认制度通过对对方当事人主张的承认，免除了主张者的证明责任，减少了当事人收集、保存证据、相互质证之累，也减少了法院调查核对证据之苦，不失为一种提高诉讼效率和经济性的措施和制度。同时自认制度有利于树立法官中立、公正的形象，防止腐败的产生。正是自认制度在这方面的诱惑，使我们自然地会想到移植自认制度。事实上最高人民法院也已经在司法解释中将自认制度规范形式移植到了司法解释文件中。最高人民法院在《民事诉讼法若干问题的意见》第75条中对无需证明的几种情况作出了明确的规定。但由于我国法律保留了法院依职权探知事实的权力，仍然以追求客观真实为终级目标，我国实施的自认制度不是完全意义上的自认制度。
自认制度要求的制度环境是法院对案件事实（主要事实）的非职权探知，即主要事实由当事人提出，法院作出裁判的依据限于当事人所主张的事实。相反，当事人没有主张的事实法院不能依职权收集和调查。这也是辩论主义的基本要求。自认制度的免除功能就在于，一旦一方当事人主张的事实被对方承认后，该事实成为没有争议的事实，对法院发生拘束效力。如果允许法院在自认后对该主张的事实进行调查和心证，那么实际上这种拘束力就不存在了，自认制度对诉讼的效率性和经济性价值也就随之丧失。从诉讼模式的角度看，自认制度的模式环境应当是当事人主导的诉讼模式，即当事人主义的诉讼模式，不管是英美型的，还是大陆型的。也许有的人会以为，当一方当事人承认对方的事实主张时，法院予以认可，自认的一切功效不都存在了吗。问题在于经法院的认可，当事人的自认虽然成立，但作为一项对法院有约束力的制度仍然没有确立，只要在自认中介入了法院的职权，即法院对自认的认可，就表明当事人的意志对法院没有任何约束力。自认制度的核心是对自认对法院有约束力，没有约束力自认就不能作为一项诉讼制度。我国民事诉讼中的辩论原则因为没有制度约束力，因此，在我国民事诉讼辩论原则下不可能派生出自认制度。如果我国要适用自认制度，就要求我国目前的辩论原则具有真正的约束性，而不是对当事人辩论权利的抽象肯定。
自认制度存在的观念环境是当事人之间私权纠纷的解决应当尊重当事人的意志，　当事人一方有权对相对方提出的对自己不利的事实予以承认。法院的裁判虽以追求真实为理想，但也要受制于当事人。自认制度的设计也就表达了这样一种理念，当事人已经自认的事实法院不管其真实性如何都将排除对自认事实真实性的怀疑。
规范的自认制度，除违反公序良俗、损害国家、集体、他人利益的外，应对法院具有绝对的拘束力，法院应依此为判决的基础。建立的自认制度应吸收当事人主义诉讼模式的相关机制并改造和变革民事诉讼中的辩论原则和处分原则，改进其适用，为真正实施规范的自认制度创造环境。